Analisis Risiko Pelanggaran Data Pribadi Pada Wacana Pengembangan Sistem Ai Analisis Big-Data Pemerintah Dalam Stranas-Ka

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30872/risalah.v21.i2.1885

Keywords:

Artificial_Intelligence, Big_Data, Personal_Data_Protection, Public_Policy, Stranas_KA

Abstract

ABSTRACT

The armed conflict in Myanmar has escalated since the military coup in 2021. In this armed conflict, many civilian casualties have fallen and civilian facilities have been destroyed. This type of research is normative legal research with a descriptive prescriptive nature. This scientific article consists of three sub-discussions. First, this scientific article discusses international regulations governing the protection of Myanmar civilians when a non-international armed conflict is taking place. Second, it discusses gross human rights violations committed by the Military Junta against Myanmar civilians when in conflict with the Rebel Forces. Third, it discusses international mechanisms that can be carried out to resolve the conflict and protect Myanmar civilians. The results of this study state that the armed conflict between the Rebel Forces fighting against the military junta in Myanmar territory meets the elements of a Non-International Armed Conflict as stipulated by International Humanitarian Law. Since the 2021 military coup, there have been many gross human rights violations by the military junta, including attacks on demonstrators, torture, cutting off access to aid, and indiscriminate airstrikes. International mechanisms that can be used to resolve this problem include conducting diplomatic intervention and international community political resolution, implementing accountability for enforcing international legal instruments, and conducting humanitarian intervention and civil protection.

References

Abdullah, Akmal Muhammad, ‘Pelindungan Hak Privasi Terhadap Pengumpulan Data Pribadi Oleh AI Generatif Berdasarkan Percakapan Dengan Pengguna’, Padjadjaran Law Review, 12.2 (2024), 145–56 <https://doi.org/10.56895/plr.v12i2.1796>

Ady, Ady, ‘Borosnya Biaya Pembuatan Undang-Undang’, Hukumonline.com (Hukum Online, 2012) <https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/borosnya-biaya-pembuatan-undang-undang-lt50e199f0bc17d> [accessed 5 October 2025]

Agrawal, Ajay, Joshua S. Gans, and Avi Goldfarb, ‘Artificial Intelligence: The Ambiguous Labor Market Impact of Automating Prediction’, SSRN Electronic Journal, 33.2 (2019), 31–50 <https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3341456>

———, ‘Exploring the Impact of Artificial Intelligence: Prediction versus Judgment’, Information Economics and Policy, 47.1 (2019), 1–6 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2019.05.001>

Agudo, Ujué, Karlos G Liberal, Miren Arrese, and Helena Matute, ‘The Impact of AI Errors in a Human-In-The-Loop Process’, Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 9.1 (2024), 1–16 <https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-023-00529-3>

Ali, Sajid, Tamer Abuhmed, Shaker El-Sappagh, Khan Muhammad, Jose M. Alonso-Moral, Roberto Confalonieri, and others, ‘Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): What We Know and What Is Left to Attain Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence’, Information Fusion, 99.1 (2023), 1–52 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101805>

Ambar Widaningrum, Nunuk Dwi Retnandari, and Nurhadi Susanto, Regulatory Impact Analysis (Analisis Dampak Regulasi): Konsep & Penerapannya (Yogyakarta: UGM PRESS, 2024)

Amin, Fakhry, John Christianto Simon, Muh Nur, None Fauzih, and None Nurhamzah, ‘The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Advancing Public Services: Opportunities and Ethical Challenges’, International Journal of Science and Society, 7.1 (2025), 614–28 <https://doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v7i1.1407>

Amiruddin, and Zainal Asikin, Pengantar Metode Penelitian Hukum (Depok: Raja Grafindo, 2008)

Apriansyah, Ferryma , Erik Ujianto, and Rianto Rianto, ‘Literature Review: Threat of Artificial Intelligence (Ai) Cyber Attacks on Data Security’, International Journal of Education, Information Technology, and Others, 7.2 (2024), 24–64 <https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10968289>

Arab, Rabie, and Omayma Moosa, ‘Systematic Review of Cost Effectiveness and Budget Impact of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare’, Npj Digital Medicine, 8.1 (2025) <https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01722-y>

Atikah, Ika, Nanda Rizkia, Basri Bari, Josef Monteiro, Elan Jaelani, and Endah Silapurna, Pengantar Metode Penelitian Hukum Sosio-Legal (Bandung: Penerbit Widina Media Utama, 2024)

Babina, Tania, Anastassia Fedyk, Alex He, and James Hodson, ‘Artificial Intelligence, Firm Growth, and Product Innovation’, Journal of Financial Economics, 151.1 (2024), 1–26 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2023.103745>

Ballart, Xavier, Enrique Hernandez, and Marc Esteve, ‘Enhancing Satisfaction with Public Services: The Effect of Recalling Personal Experiences’, International Public Management Journal, 27.2 (2024), 284–301 <https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2024.2317835>

Ben Wagner, ‘Liable, but Not in Control? Ensuring Meaningful Human Agency in Automated Decision-Making Systems’, Policy & Internet, 11.1 (2019), 104–22 <https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.198>.

Biroğul, Serdar, Özkan Şahin, and Hüseyn əsgərli, ‘Exploring the Impact of ISO/IEC 42001:2023 AI Management Standard on Organizational Practices’, Advances in Artificial Intelligence Research, 5.1 (2025), 14–22 <https://doi.org/10.54569/aair.1709628>

Bovens, Mark, and Stavros Zouridis, ‘From Street‐Level to System‐Level Bureaucracies: How Information and Communication Technology Is Transforming Administrative Discretion and Constitutional Control’, Public Administration Review, 62.2 (2002), 174–84 <https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-3352.00168>

Brad Russell, ‘Understanding Overfitting in AI and Its Impact on Cybersecurity’, World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 27.2 (2025), 361–72 <https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2025.27.2.2859>

Bullock, Justin B., and Yu-Che Chen, ‘The Brave New World of AI: Implications for Public Sector Agents, Organisations, and Governance’, Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 46.4 (2024), 320–25 <https://doi.org/10.1080/23276665.2024.2356540>

Bullock, Justin, and Kyoung Cheol, ‘Creation of Artificial Bureaucrats’, Proceedings of European Conference on the Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics ’, in European Conference on the Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (Lisbon: ACM Digital Library, 1AD)

Bundi, Pirmin, and Philipp Trein, ‘Evaluation Use and Learning in Public Policy’, Policy Sciences, 55.2 (2022), 283–309 <https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-022-09462-6>

Bungin, Burhan, Analisis Data Penelitian Kualitatif “Pemahaman Filosofis Dan Metodologis Ke Arah Penguasaan Model Aplikasi (Jakarta: Raja Grafindo, 2003)

Byrkjeflot, Haldor, Paul du Gay, and Carsten Greve, ‘What Is the “Neo-Weberian State” as a Regime of Public Administration’, in The Palgrave Handbook of Public Administration and Management in Europe (Macmillan : Palgrave , 2017), pp. 991–1009

Campos, Waleska, and Flávia Cavazotte, ‘Bureaucratic Control and Organizational Support in the Public Sector: Effects Mediated by Psychological Empowerment on Engagement’, Revista de Administração Pública, 57.4 (2023), 1–24 <https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220220301x>

Carnat, Irina, ‘Addressing the Risks of Generative AI for the Judiciary: The Accountability Framework(S) under the EU AI Act’, Computer Law & Security Review, 55.106067 (2024), 1–14 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2024.106067>

Cecot, Caroline, ‘Deregulatory Cost-Benefit Analysis and Regulatory Stability’, 68 Duke Law Journal, 68.1 (2019), 1593–1650

Cheong, Ben Chester, ‘Transparency and Accountability in AI Systems: Safeguarding Wellbeing in the Age of Algorithmic Decision-Making’, Frontiers in Human Dynamics, 6.1 (2024), 3–23 <https://doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.2024.1421273>

Cobb, Roger W, and Charles D Elder, Participation in American Politics : The Dynamics of Agenda-Building (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1972)

Cordes, Joseph , Susan E. Dudley, and Layvon Washington, Regulatory Compliance Burdens: Literature Review & Synthesis (The George Washington University Regulatory Studies Center: Washington DC, 2022)

CORDIS, cordis.europa.eu, ‘Ethical and Privacy-Preserving Big Data Platform for Supporting Criminal Investigations’, CORDIS | European Commission (Cordis, 2025) <https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/101168309?utm_source=chatgpt.com>

Dunn, William M, Public Policy Analysis an Introduction. (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1994)

Edwards, George C, Implementing Public Policy (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1980)

Elmawazini, Khaled, Gamal Atallah, Mohammed Rafiquzzaman, and Khaled Guesmi, ‘Do Regulatory Policies Matter to Corporate Innovation?’, International Review of Financial Analysis, 84.1 (2022), 1–13 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2022.102398>

Erman, Eva, and Markus Furendal, ‘Artificial Intelligence and the Political Legitimacy of Global Governance’, Political Studies, 72.2 (2022), 003232172211266-003232172211266 <https://doi.org/10.1177/00323217221126665>

Ferrara, Emilio, ‘Fairness and Bias in Artificial Intelligence: A Brief Survey of Sources, Impacts, and Mitigation Strategies’, Sci, 6.1 (2023), 3 <https://doi.org/10.3390/sci6010003>

Firza, Ardian, Kevin Samudera, Aurelia Saphira, and Muhammad Hidayat, ‘Legal Arrangement of Artificial Intelligence in Indonesia: Challenges and Opportunitiesa’, Jurnal Peradaban Hukum, 1.2 (2023), 14–29 <https://doi.org/10.33019/jph.v1i2.15>

Friedwald, Michael , Ina Schiering, Nicolas Martin, and Dara Hallinan, ‘Data Protection Impact Assessments in Practice: Experiences from Case Studies’, in Computer Security. ESORICS 2021 International Workshops (Singapore: Springer, 2022), pp. 424–43

Ginanjar, Yusep, ‘Optimising the Role of the West Java Provincial Government in Partnering with the Sister Province of Chongqing’, International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 12.1 (2020), 471–84

Gunningham, Neil, Peter Grabosky, and Darren Sinclair, Smart Regulation : Designing Environmental Policy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998)

Gunningham, Neil, and Darren Sinclair, ‘8 Smart Regulation from Regulatory Theory: Foundations and Applications’, in Regulatory Theory: Foundation & Applications (New York: ANU Press, 2017)

———, ‘8 Smart Regulation from Regulatory Theory: Foundations and Applications ’, in Regulatory Theory: Foundation & Applications (Canberra: ANU Press, 2017), pp. 133–48

Herd, Pamela, and Donald P Moynihan, Administrative Burden : Policymaking by Others Means (New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Copyright, 2018)

Heriyono Tardjono, ‘Reorientasi Politik Hukum Pembentukan Undang-Undang Di Indonesia’, Jurnal Renaissance, 1.2 (2016), 61–74 <https://doi.org/10.53878/jr.v1i2.19>

Jain, Anurage, ‘AI Development Costs Explained: A Comprehensive Guide’, Https://Oyelabs.com (Oyelabs, 2025) <https://oyelabs.com/guide-to-ai-development-costs> [accessed 5 October 2025]

Jin, Yueqiao, Lixiang Yan, Vanessa Echeverria, Dragan Gašević, and Roberto Martinez-Maldonado, ‘Generative AI in Higher Education: A Global Perspective of Institutional Adoption Policies and Guidelines’, Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 8.1 (2024), 100348 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100348>

Judijanto, Loso, T. Saiful Basri, Rabith Madah Khulaili Harsya, Arnes Yuli Vandika, and Andrew Shandy Utama, ‘Kajian Hukum Dampak Kecerdasan Buatan Terhadap Perlindungan Privasi Data Dalam Hukum Siber Indonesia’, Sanskara Hukum Dan HAM, 3.02 (2024), 68–76 <https://doi.org/10.58812/shh.v3i02.498>

Kamal, Anni, Juanda Nawawi, and Suhardiman Syamsu, ‘Opportunities and Challenge for the Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Public Policy in Indonesia’, Hasanuddin Global Student Conference on Social and Political Science, 2.1 (2024) <https://doi.org/10.31947/wcgss,vol2,44270>

Kammerhofer, Jörg , ‘Sources in Legal-Positivist Theories’, in The Oxford Handbook of the Sources of International Law (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2018), X, 343–62 <https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198745365.003.0017>

Khikmatul Islah, ‘PELUANG DAN TANTANGAN PEMANFAATAN TEKNOLOGI BIG DATA UNTUK MENGINTEGRASIKAN PELAYANAN PUBLIK PEMERINTAH’, Reformasi Administrasi, 5.2 (2018), 130–38 <https://doi.org/10.31334/reformasi.v5i2.272>

Kiran Maharana, ‘A Review: Data Overfitting and Underfitting Techniques’, Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management, 10.13s (2025), 387–405 <https://doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i13s.2072>

Kuenzler, Johanna, Colette Vogeler, Anne-Marie Parth, and Titian Gohl, ‘Exploring the Eternal Struggle: The Narrative Policy Framework and Status Quo versus Policy Change’, Policy Sciences, 57.3 (2024), 485–517 <https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-024-09537-6>

Kuziemski, Maciej, and Gianluca Misuraca, ‘AI Governance in the Public Sector: Three Tales from the Frontiers of Automated Decision-Making in Democratic Settings’, Telecommunications Policy, 44.6 (2020), 101976 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2020.101976>

———, ‘AI Governance in the Public Sector: Three Tales from the Frontiers of Automated Decision-Making in Democratic Settings’, Telecommunications Policy, 44.6 (2020), 119–30 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2020.101976>

Li, Changkui, ‘AI-Driven Governance: Enhancing Transparency and Accountability in Public Administration’, Digital Society & Virtual Governance, 1.1 (2025), 1–16 <https://doi.org/10.6914/dsvg.010101>

Li, Jessica, and Roland K Yeo, ‘Artificial Intelligence and Human Integration: A Conceptual Exploration of Its Influence on Work Processes and Workplace Learning’, Human Resource Development International, 27.3 (2024), 1–21 <https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2024.2348987>

Li, Wenlong, and Jiahong Chen, ‘From Brussels Effect to Gravity Assists: Understanding the Evolution of the GDPR-Inspired Personal Information Protection Law in China’, Computer Law and Security Report/Computer Law & Security Report, 54.1 (2024), 1–14 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2024.105994>

Liaw, Siaw-Teng, Harshana Liyanage, Craig Kuziemsky, Amanda L. Terry, Richard Schreiber, Jitendra Jonnagaddala, and others, ‘Ethical Use of Electronic Health Record Data and Artificial Intelligence: Recommendations of the Primary Care Informatics Working Group of the International Medical Informatics Association’, Yearbook of Medical Informatics, 29.1 (2020), 51–57 <https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1701980>

Margot E. Kaminski and Gianclaudio Malgieri, ‘Algorithmic Impact Assessments under the GDPR: Producing Multi-Layered Explanations’, International Data Privacy Law, 11.2 (2019), 125–44 <https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3456224>.

Marzuki, Peter Mahmud, Penelitian Hukum Edisi Revisi (Surabaya: Kencana, 2019)

Miles, Matthew B, A M Huberman, and SaldañaJohnny, Qualitative Data Analysis : A Methods Sourcebook (Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc, 2014)

Nasman, Nasman, Pudji Astuti, and Dita Perwitasari, ‘Etika Dan Pertanggungjawaban Penggunaan Artificial Intelligence Di Indonesia’’, Rewang Rencang : Jurnal Hukum Lex Generalis, 5.10 (2024), 1–16

Nkemdilim Obiokafor, Ifeyinwa, Michael Ajonuma, and Felix Aguboshim, ‘Corresponding Author: Ifeyinwa Nkemdilim Obiokafor Integrating Privacy by Design (PbD) in the System Development Life Cycle for Enhanced Data Protection’, World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 26.1 (2025), 1233–40 <https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2025.26.1.0538>

None Tanti Kirana Utami, None Natasya Insani Auliarrahma, None Haura Salsabila, None Fuji Raihan Azhari Kusworo, None Andre Priyaden, and None M. Andriansyah Saputra, ‘Tantangan Dan Hambatan Penerapan Hierarki Peraturan Perundang Undangan Di Indonesia’, Customary Law Journal, 2.1 (2024), 1–10 <https://doi.org/10.47134/jcl.v2i1.3443>

Nuryanto, Adi, ‘Tantangan Administrasi Publik Di Dunia Artificial Intelligence Dan Bot’, Jejaring Administrasi Publik, 12.2 (2021), 139–47 <https://doi.org/10.20473/jap.v12i2.30882>

OECD, Regulatory Policy and Governance: Suporting Economic Growth and Serving the Public Interest (Paris: OECD, 2011) <https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264116573-en>

Ojanen, Atte, ‘Technology Neutrality as a Way to Future-Proof Regulation: The Case of the Artificial Intelligence Act’, European Journal of Risk Regulation, 1.1 (2025), 1–16 <https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2025.10024>

Papagiannidis, Emmanouil, Patrick Mikalef, Kieran Conboy, and Rogier Van de Wetering, ‘Uncovering the Dark Side of AI-Based Decision-Making: A Case Study in a B2B Context’, Industrial Marketing Management, 115.1 (2023), 253–65 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2023.10.003>

———, ‘Uncovering the Dark Side of AI-Based Decision-Making: A Case Study in a B2B Context’, Industrial Marketing Management, 115.1 (2023), 253–65 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2023.10.003>

———, ‘Uncovering the Dark Side of AI-Based Decision-Making: A Case Study in a B2B Context’, Industrial Marketing Management, 115.1 (2023), 253–65 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2023.10.003>

Possner, Richard, Economic Analysis of Law (Alphen aan den Rijn: wolter kluwer law & busines, 2014)

Priowirjanto, Enni Soerjati, ‘Urgensi Pengaturan Mengenai Artificial Intelligence Pada Sektor Bismo Daromh Dalam Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Di Indonesia’’, Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum, 6.2 (2022), 254–72 <https://doi.org/10.23920/jbmh.v6i2.355>

Purawan, Akhmad, ‘Review on the Establishment of Legislation in Indonesia’’, Jurnal Mimbar Hukum, 26.3 (2015), 534–34 <https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh.16030>

Radanliev, Petar, ‘AI Ethics: Integrating Transparency, Fairness, and Privacy in AI Development’, Applied Artificial Intelligence, 39.1 (2025), 1–42 <https://doi.org/10.1080/08839514.2025.2463722>

Rendy Pahrun Wadipalapa, Riris Katharina, Poltak Partogi Nainggolan, Sitti Aminah, Tini Apriani, Diana Ma’rifah, and others, ‘An Ambitious Artificial Intelligence Policy in a Decentralised Governance System: Evidence from Indonesia’, Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 43.1 (2024) <https://doi.org/10.1177/18681034231226393>

Reza Banakar, and Max Travers, Theory and Method in Socio-Legal Research (Oxford ; Portland: Hart Pub, 2005)

Riant Nugroho Dwijowijoto, Kebijakan Publik (Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo, 2003)

Riris Katharina , Pelayanan Publik & Pemerintahan Digital Indonesia (Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia, 2021)

Rjab, Amal, and Sehl Mellouli, ‘Artificial Intelligence in Smart Cities’, in Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance (New York, 2019), pp. 259–69

Robles, Pedro, and Daniel J Mallinson, ‘Artificial Intelligence Technology, Public Trust, and Effective Governance’, Review of Policy Research, 42.1 (2023), 11–28 <https://doi.org/10.1111/ropr.12555>

Romana, Francisca, and Ade Saptomo, ‘Legal Framework for the Application of Pancasila-Based Artificial Intelligence Technology to Minimize Risks and Optimize Benefits towards Indonesia Emas 2045’, Asian Journal of Engineering Social and Health, 3.4 (2024), 903–10 <https://doi.org/10.46799/ajesh.v3i4.365>

Schattschneider, Elmer Eric, Politics, Pressures and the Tariff (New York: Prentice-Hall Inc, 1935)

Shah, Syed Iftikhar Hussain, Vassilios Peristeras, and Ioannis Magnisalis, ‘A Conceptual Framework for the Government Big Data Ecosystem (“Datagov.eco”)’, Data & Knowledge Engineering, 154.102348 (2024), 1–26 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.datak.2024.102348>

Skare, Marinko, and Domingo Riberio Soriano, ‘How Globalization Is Changing Digital Technology Adoption: An International Perspective’, Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 6.4 (2021), 222–33 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2021.04.001>

Solihah, Ratnia, and Siti Witianti, ‘Pelaksanaan Fungmensi Legislasi Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Pasca Pemilu 2014: Permasalahan Dan Upaya Mengatasinya’’, CosmoGov, 2.2 (2016), 291–307 <https://doi.org/10.24198/cosmogov.v2i2.10010>

Subarsono, Analisis Kebijakan Publik: Konsep, Teori, Dan Aplikasi (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2005)

———, Analisis Kebijakan Publik: Konsep, Teori, Dan Aplikasi (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2005)

———, Analisis Kebijakan Publik: Konsep, Teori, Dan Aplikasi. (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2005)

Sugiarto, Laga, and Arif Hidayat, Hukum Administrasi Negar: Teori Dasar Regulatory State & Public Services (Semarang: UNNES Press, 2025)

Suhartono, Slamet, ‘Slamet Suhartono, ‘Hukum Positif Problematik Penerapan Dan Solusi Teoritiknya’, Dih, 15.2 (2019), 201–11 <https://doi.org/10.30996/dih.v15i2.2549>

Swire, Peter, ‘Markets, Self-Regulation, and Government Enforcement in the Protection of Personal Information, in Privacy and Self-Regulation in the Information Age by the U.S. Department of Commerce’’, in Privacy and Self Regulation in the Information Age by US Department of Commerce (Washington DC: Department of Commerce’, 2017), pp. 3–19

Tambunan, Yonathan, and Dewa Sawitri, ‘Implikasi Kekosongan Hukum Terhadap Kecerdasan Buatan Sebagai Pelanggaran Kekayaan Intelektual Terhadap Karya Digital’, Kertha Wicara: Journal Ilmu Hukum, 15.4 (2025), 1–14

Ulf Papenfuß and Christian A. Schmidt, ‘Understanding Self‐Regulation for Political Control and Policymaking: Effects of Governance Mechanisms on Accountability’, Governance, 34.4 (2020), 1115–41 <https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12549>.

Varsha, P. S, ‘How Can We Manage Biases in Artificial Intelligence Systems – a Systematic Literature Review’, International Journal of Information Management Data Insights, 3.1 (2023), 100–109 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2023.100165>

———, ‘How Can We Manage Biases in Artificial Intelligence Systems – a Systematic Literature Review’, International Journal of Information Management Data Insights, 3.1 (2023), 100–109 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2023.100165>

Vitor, Pedro, Beatriz Belchior, Nathalia Chrispim, Ramon Miranda Chaves, Carlos Eduardo Barbosa, and Jano, ‘The Future of AI in Government Services and Global Risks: Insights from Design Fictions’, European Journal of Futures Research, 13.1 (2025), 9–29 <https://doi.org/10.1186/s40309-025-00253-9>

Wilson, Christopher, and Maja van der Velden, ‘Sustainable AI: An Integrated Model to Guide Public Sector Decision-Making’, Technology in Society, 68.1 (2022), 1–11 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.101926>

Wu, Si, Xiaolong Liu, Yuchen Xiang, Zaiqi Liu, and Minhao Fan, ‘Does Digital Transformation Affect Outward Foreign Direct Investment Performance? Evidence from China’, Sustainability, 17.2 (2025), 779–801 <https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020779>

Young, Matthew M, Justin B Bullock, and Jesse D Lecy, ‘Artificial Discretion as a Tool of Governance: A Framework for Understanding the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Public Administration’, Perspectives on Public Management and Governance, 2.4 (2019), 301–13 <https://doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvz014>

Zulfikar, Mubarak, and Triwibowo Rony, ‘Regulatory Transformation of the Digital Economy and the Challenges of Personal Data Protection in Indonesia: A Literature Review’’, International Journal of Financial Economics, 2.1 (2025), 187–96

Downloads

Published

2025-12-20

How to Cite

Analisis Risiko Pelanggaran Data Pribadi Pada Wacana Pengembangan Sistem Ai Analisis Big-Data Pemerintah Dalam Stranas-Ka. (2025). Risalah Hukum, 21(2), 78-115. https://doi.org/10.30872/risalah.v21.i2.1885

Similar Articles

1-10 of 132

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.